{"id":1505,"date":"2012-12-19T15:57:45","date_gmt":"2012-12-19T22:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/?p=1505"},"modified":"2018-12-18T11:37:38","modified_gmt":"2018-12-18T18:37:38","slug":"domestics-for-children-of-filipino-transnational-families-classification-as-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/?p=1505","title":{"rendered":"Domestics: For Children of Filipino Transnational Families, Classification as Control"},"content":{"rendered":"

Geraldine Pratt\u2019s recent work with Filipina domestic workers in Canada<\/a> examines the narratives of ambitious mothers who travel overseas to take care of others\u2019 children in order to provide for their own. Once their children are able to reunite with them in Canada, mothers cite issues of deskilling, where they \u201close their skills during the years that they work as caregivers,\u201d limiting them to caretaking jobs and unable to further develop their human capital. Furthermore, Pratt reports that these mothers usually spend an average of eight to twelve years engaged in domestic work overseas and separated from their families before reunification.<\/p>\n

As a former educator, I taught in a rural high school in Hawaii, where we had a high Filipino student population whose parents and\/or grandparents were immigrants. Many of my students\u2019 family members had limited English speaking ability. When calling home, older sibling often translated my messages for me. We also saw low attendance for parent-teacher conferences. However, when mothers did attend these conferences, they shared their frustrations at being unable to help their children with schoolwork, emphasizing their hopes that their hard work would enable their children to gain \u201ca better life.\u201d<\/p>\n

My experience with immigrant Filipino families as an educator prompted me to investigate the education for Filipino American students from transnational families. However, I must stress that Filipino students were also among my best students. It is important to remember that stereotyping all Filipino students according to ethnicity is more dangerous than excluding these narratives. We must look at all contributing factors, such as family education and class in host country, discrimination, and generation.<\/p>\n

Despite popular depictions of Filipino migrants as working in highly skilled professions, the US continues to recruit domestic and home care workers. Among Filipino domestic and home care workers: 80% are women, the median age is 44, 60% hold US citizenship, the median annual income was $17,050 in 2005, 1\/3 have at least a college-level degree and another 30% attended college without completion, and 3% have graduate and post-BA level degrees. Filipino women are disproportionately represented among domestic workers, and, contrary to prevailing views of Filipinos in the US, a majority of Filipino domestic workers are neither highly educated nor have much opportunity to leave domestic work to enter other skilled professions. The median annual income is just below the federal poverty line. With only 60% of domestic workers reporting citizenship status, some Filipino domestic workers lack access to most social services.<\/p>\n

I wrote to Geraldine Pratt on the topic of classifying Filipinos and the use of \u201cAsian\/Pacific Islander.\u201d Pratt responded:<\/p>\n

\u201cI think in Canada there is a tendency not to lump Filipino youths with other Asian-Canadian youths, because the migration of Filipinos to Canada has been so particular.\u201d<\/p>\n

For example, consider how the Canadian and the US census approach the question of race and ethnicity. The Canadian census uses an open-ended question, along with examples and guidelines, which requires respondents to write in their race\/ethnicity. The US census requires respondents to check off one or more race\/ethnicity box (where Filipinos would fall under \u201cAsian\u201d) and allows respondents to specify their subgroup. Since respondents are not required to specify their subgroup, the US Census Bureau is continuously working on better ways to track race\/ethnicity. At the same time, Canadian research tends to give more attention to Filipino academic achievement while research focused on Filipino Americans generally still include Filipino Americans in the pan-ethnic group of \u201cAsians.\u201d<\/p>\n

As Michel Foucault suggested, the classification of individuals drives governmental strategies of control. By inventing all-encompassing pan-ethnic terms, which represent group otherness rather than group needs, the counting of certain \u201ckinds of people\u201d informs state allocation of resources and penalties. The state\u2019s power to name a people translates into a power over people\u2019s daily lives. When I report my ethnicity, which box(es) am I allowed to check off, how is it packaged and interpreted in study results, and later, how does someone else\u2019s interpretation of my identity continue to mold my everyday identity and life chances, and consequently, manipulate my identity further through defining my race\/ethnicity?<\/p>\n

In Pratt\u2019s study, Filipino domestic workers are \u201csacrificed for the vitality of the Canadian population\u201d, and Canadian families \u201cprosper\u201d while Filipino domestic workers labor and live under conditions \u201cunacceptable to national citizens.\u201d Following Foucault\u2019s critique of the state, state racism and discrimination against certain \u201cinferiorized races\u201d serves a \u201cmurderous function\u201d in order to regenerate the general population. In this way, the state \u201csaves\u201d by denying care to domestic workers and their families, but the state also \u201cgains\u201d when domestic workers provide privatized services, such as health care and child care, which the state normally provides its citizens. The state denies transnational domestic workers\u2019 full citizenship rights in order to sustain citizenship rights for others without actually investing in those services.<\/p>\n

Though there are issues with the education system and its reinforcement of capitalist ideals and hierarchies of power, a lack of support for Filipino students from transnational families could prove to be more detrimental. When we assume that all Filipino or all Asian students are successful and fail to recognize specific needs, we allow false assumptions to further deny students their rights. For Filipino children of transnational families, lower academic performance and higher dropout rates perpetuate their place among low-waged workers. Filipino Canadian youth struggle to exceed their parents\u2019 educational levels and work almost exclusively in certain service professions. More academic support and guidance can help Filipino American youth from transnational backgrounds overcome these statistics and use education as a tool to achieve the social mobility which originally prompted their parents to become transnational domestic workers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Geraldine Pratt\u2019s recent work with Filipina domestic workers in Canada examines the narratives of ambitious mothers who travel overseas to take care of others\u2019 children in order to provide for their own. Once their children are able to reunite with them in Canada, mothers cite issues of deskilling, where they \u201close their skills during the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":280,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[1736,5142,62,24,1775,884,29],"class_list":["post-1505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-amy-sun","tag-canada","tag-domestic-workers","tag-filipinas","tag-geraldine-pratt","tag-michel-foucault","tag-united-states","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1505","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/280"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1505"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22537,"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1505\/revisions\/22537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1505"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.womeninandbeyond.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}